Background: Woman's decision-making for abortion entails understanding and assessing those options in the context of her unique situation, feelings, aspirations and beliefs. The objective of this study was to examine decision– making conflict and all relevant factors, among women seeking legal abortion authorization letter, referred to Legal Medical Centre in Tehran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, decision-making conflict assessed using the decisional conflict scale (DCS) among 282 pregnant women in their first trimester. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were undertaken to describe and explore collected data. Results: Eligible women requesting legal abortion were mostly in age group 25-34 years old (50. 4%. 142, M=31. 55, SD=6. 1, ranging from 17-46 years). They were mostly in gestational age<16 weeks, (212, 75. 2%), with average 14. 67 (SD=3. 51), range 15. 0 weeks (4-19 weeks). Some decision conflict (DCS score 25 or greater) was experienced by 182 (64. 5%) participants. Conclusion: Women seeking legal abortion may go against their own sense of right and wrong. They deserve pre-abortion consulting to deal with conflict and negative effects in decision-making.

Abortion traditionally means miscarriage and is still known as a problem, which societies have been trying to reduce its rate by using legal means. Despite the fact that pregnant women and fetuses have been historically supported, abortion was firstly criminalized in 1926 in Iran, 20 years after establishment of modern legal system.During next 53 years this situation changed dramatically, thus in 1979, the time of Islamic Revolution, aborting fetuses up to 12 weeks of conception and therapeutic abortion (TA) during the entire period of pregnancy were legitimated, based on regulations that used medical justifications. After 1979 the situation changed into a totally conservative and restrictive approach and new Islamic concepts as “Blood Money” and “Ensoulment” entered the legal debates around abortion. During next 33 years, again a trend of decriminalization for the act of abortion has been continued.Reduction of punishments and omitting retaliation for criminal abortions, recognizing fetal and maternal medical indications including some immunologic problems as legitimate reasons for aborting fetuses before 4 months of gestation and omitting the fathers’ consent as a necessary condition for TA are among these changes. The start point for this decriminalization process was public and professional need, which was responded by religious government, firstly by issuing juristic rulings (Fatwas) as a non-official way, followed by ratification of “Therapeutic Abortion Act” (TAA) and other regulations as an official pathway.Here, we have reviewed this trend of decriminalization, the role of public and professional request in initiating such process and the rule-based language of Iran TAA.

In our country, legal medicine centers should approved cases referred for legal abortion. Such cases were analyzed in present study. 245 cases were referred which in 126 cases (51.4%) the approval was done and for others (119 cases) rejected. Mean age of cases was 30.8 years. The most common indications for legal abortion referral was cardiovascular disease (27%), fetal problems (17%) and renal disorders (11%). The most common indications that were approved included cardiovascular disease (36%) Thallasemia and malignancies (each 17%). The mean gestational age was 10.2 weeks.

Abortion tourism is one of the ethical and legal challenges draw the attention of academia both in the field of empirical and human science. The most remarkable fact in these studies is the deep differences among scholars reflected in the wide range of absolute permission to absolute ban. As a result, the approach of legal systems for or against abortion has been diverse and different and, in some cases, contradictory laws have been passed in regards to this field. This Article tries to study legal tourism in the context of abortion in perspective of ethics and law, and analyses how to address this issue in the light of private international rules, systematically. Legal tourism can be interpreted as a skullduggery so that such an act is not identified under the law that is normally applied. In order to prevent this act, some legal system limit the privileges related to the abortion to their own citizens. The freedom of movement enables persons to become free from applicable laws where they reside, while their acts become the subject of a foreign law which has more advantages to them. This act which is called legal tourism is the illusion of a family from the country where they reside and bans abortion to temporarily stay in another country which permits abortion.Abortion tourism leads to the enforcement of laws of the country that permit it, instead of the law that bans it, while the latter is normally applicable. Moreover, ethical considerations that surround the abortion make the application of the rules of conflict difficult and challenging.

In the trade world, it is both transaction contract and goods buying and selling that contrast commitment for delivery and service, or receive and it have been enough finance guaranty. Total this contrast is benefit in credit forms and doing under special bank mechanism.This article explains a history of letter of credit, its concept and place and the methods of payament for international commerce, kinds of letter of credit and their legal nature as well.

The study of historical development of criminal law in different countries shows that abortion has initially been regarded as a crime with severe punishment in many countries, including Australia. Abortion is an inevitable universal phenomenon, and according to statistics released in 1990, the worldwide number of attempts for abortion was estimated to be between 36 to 50 million a year, which only one third of them were carried out legally and with access to modern clinical and pharmaceutical facilities. On the basis of statistics provided by World Health Organization (WHO) in 1990, around 61000 pregnant mothers lose their lives every year due to unsafe abortions. The high percentage of maternal mortalities, particularly in the third world countries, was scrutinized and recognized as a big concern in the Population and Development Conference held in Cairo in 1994. Consequences and difficulties due to the absolute prohibition of abortion, promoted the legislative and executive bodies of many countries to more realistically allow legal abortions under particular circumstances while, still no realistic changeovers have been accorded in laws of abortion in some other countries, including Iran, and accordingly, people in these countries are suffering from the absolute prohibition of abortion. Upon reviewing the development of abortion laws in Australia, this article studies the logical flexibility of some countries over the social phenomenon of abortion and relevant reforms of laws in those countries. By analyzing the social and jurisprudential bases and resources of law, the article also reaches to a conclusion that necessitates law reform, and allows practice of legal abortion under defined circumstances in Iran.

Background and Aim: The legal obligations include legal relations between the individuals and, in case of the existence of obligation; they are realized as commitments to be fulfilled and, in case of their being annulled, they are termed the aborted commitments. From this perspective, legal obligations are found different in various schools of law and the present study seeks investigating the legal formalism approach in the area of the commitments' abortion. Materials and Methods: The study makes use of a descriptive-analytical method based on research in books, articles and legal perspectives. Thus, documentary and library research is the information gathering method of choice herein. Findings: Article 264 of the civil law has investigated the commitments' abortion in various ways that incorporate fulfillment of the promise, rescission and relinquishment of claim, transformation of commitment, barter and regaining of the promised thing. Keeping of the promise is the most ordinary method for the abortion of commitment; rescission, as well, is the very revocation or the dissolving of the transaction by reaching an agreement; relinquishment of the claim includes the obligee's withdrawal of his or her rights without receiving anything in exchange; commitment transformation is the replacement of a prior commitment by a new one; barter, as well, is the parties' becoming of equally committed to one another; regaining of the promised thing, as well, is taking possession of what an individual has been committed to its procurement. Conclusion: In the light of the legal formalism approach and the fuzzy logic governing the relations between the individuals obeying the laws and most primarily, the legal norms, the means of the commitments' abortion as well as the article 264 of the civil law have been designed and approved within the format of a whole featuring logical order.